Biology 30 – Nervous and Endocrine System Practice Test

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• Which hormone from the adrenal cortex is primarily associated with raising blood sugar during stress?
• What is another name commonly used for epinephrine?
• Goiter is an enlargement of which gland?
• In the organ of Corti, which structure anchors the receptor hair cells?
• Region of the brain that acts as a relay station by sending nerve messages between the cerebellum and the medulla.
• Which structure is a major organ of hearing containing receptor hair cells in the cochlea?
• Middle layer of tissue in the eye that contains blood vessels that nourish the retina
• Which projection carries impulses toward the cell body?
• What is the cushioning fluid that circulates between the innermost and middle membranes of the brain and spinal cord?
• Which mechanism enables rapid conduction in myelinated axons by jumping between nodes?
• Within the cochlea, which structure contains the primary sound receptor?
• Which process restores the original polarity after depolarization?
• Which structure in the ear helps regulate air pressure between the outer ear and the middle ear?
• Which nonconducting cell is important for structural support and metabolism of nerve cells?
• Which term describes the region where chemical communication between neurons takes place?
• Which enzyme breaks down acetylcholine after its release at the neuromuscular junction?
• Occurs once you have adjusted to a change in the environment; sensory receptors become less sensitive when stimulated repeatedly
• Area of the brain that coordinates and interprets sensory information and directs it to the cerebrum.
• Which feedback mechanism tends to amplify a process, moving systems away from the normal set point?
• What is the thin membrane that receives sound vibrations, aka the eardrum?
• Condition that occurs when the image is focused in front of the retina.
• Which photoreceptor operates in dim light to detect light in black and white?
• Chamber found at the base of the semicircular canals that provides information about static equilibrium.
• Condition that occurs when the lens or cornea becomes opaque, preventing light from passing through.
• Which term describes the resting state of the nerve membrane potential?
• Which hormone promotes gluconeogenesis by converting amino acids to glucose in the liver?
• Which eye structure is the pigmented, vascular layer between the sclera and retina?
• Which statement about myelin and conduction speed is accurate?
• Within the inner ear, which structure houses the organ of Corti?
• Goiter is an enlargement of which gland?
• Which hormone lowers calcium levels in the blood and is produced by the thyroid gland?
• What is the Juxtaglomerular apparatus primarily responsible for?
• Which term describes the membrane potential when a nerve is actively transmitting an impulse?
• Which gland secretes epinephrine?
• Which of the following is not produced by the thyroid gland?
• Which tiny bones amplify and carry sound in the middle ear?
• Which structure processes information about smell and has a bulb in each hemisphere?
• Which statement best describes glial cells?
• Which neuron carries impulses away from the synapse?
• A neural circuit through the spinal cord that provides a framework for a reflex action is called
• What protective membranes surround the brain and spinal cord called?
• Which eye condition is characterized by clouding of the lens?
• What is the insulating covering over the axon called?
• Pituitary hormone that promotes cortisol release by the adrenal cortex?
• Which event refers to the diffusion of Na+ into a nerve cell causing a charge reversal?
• Condition that occurs when the image is focused behind the retina.
• Outer layer of the cerebral hemisphere.
• Largest and most highly developed part of the human brain, which stores sensory information and initiates voluntary motor activities.
• What is the name of the hormone-producing region of the pancreas that regulates endocrine functions?
• Rhodopsin is the pigment found in the rods.
• Area at centre of retina where cones are most dense and vision is sharpest.
• What is the hypothalamic peptide that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release a stored hormone, also known as a releasing factor?
• Which chemicals released by cells affect cells in other parts of the body?
• Which glands produce parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium and phosphate levels?
• The voltage difference across a nerve cell membrane when the nerve is excited is called
• Which part of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine?
• Which extension carries impulses away from the cell body?
• Which neurotransmitter is commonly associated with stimulating muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction?
• Parathyroid hormone is produced by the parathyroid glands and increases blood calcium levels. Which of the following best reflects that action?
• Which hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?
• Which region of the adrenal gland is responsible for producing glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids?
• A two-lobed gland at the base of the neck that regulates metabolic processes?
• Vision defect caused by abnormal curvature of surface of the lens or cornea.
• Area of the brain that coordinates many nerve and hormone functions.
• A neuron of the CNS that connects with sensory, motor, and other interneurons to integrate sensory input with motor output is called
• The voltage difference across a nerve cell membrane when it is not transmitting a nerve impulse (usually negative) is called
• Major cranial nerve that is part of the parasympathetic nervous system
• Which middle ear structure transmits vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear?
• Which condition is characterized by the inside being more negative than resting due to excess potassium leaving the cell?
• Which structure carries sound waves to the eardrum?
• What is the term for the effect produced by the accumulation of neurotransmitters from two or more neurons?
• Outer covering of the eye that supports and protects the eye's inner layers; usually referred to as the white of the eye
• Afferent neuron is another name for which neuron type?
• Which term describes chemicals secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream?
• Disease of the eye in which increased pressure within the eyeball causes a gradual loss of sight.
• Which organ produces releasing hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary to release stored hormones?
• Highly modified dendrites of a sensory neuron that are activated by an environmental stimulus are called
• Which term describes a state where the inside of the cell is more negative than resting due to potassium efflux?
• Which neuron carries impulses to the central nervous system, also known as an afferent neuron?
• Transparent part of the eye that refracts light toward the pupil
• Which hormone triggers the fight-or-flight response by increasing heart rate during a crisis?
• Which term describes the recovery time after an action potential?
• What is the central nervous system (CNS)?
• The pigment found in the rods of the eye.
• Which process involves amplifying a small initial change?
• Which structure is the primary receptor for auditory information within the cochlea?
• What is the region between neurons where chemical communication occurs called?
• Nerve tract that joins the two cerebral hemispheres.
• Which term describes the maintenance of a stable internal environment such as temperature or pH?
• Which gland produces insulin?
• Which term describes hormones that affect development and growth of sex organs?
• Fluid-filled structures within the inner ear that provide information about dynamic equilibrium.
• Astigmatism is caused by abnormal curvature of which structure?
• Which nervous system prepares the body for stress?
• Coiled structure of the inner ear that responds to various sound waves and converts them into nerve impulses.
• Region of the hindbrain that joins the spinal cord to the cerebellum; one of the most important sites of autonomic nerve control.
• Which hormone increases blood calcium and decreases phosphate, and is produced by the parathyroid glands?
• Prostaglandins are best described as?
• Photoreceptors that operate in bright light to identify colour.
• Area of the brain that processes information about smell; one bulb in each hemisphere.
• Four pea-sized glands in the thyroid gland that produce parathyroid hormone to regulate blood calcium and phosphate levels?
• Which structure is the largest part of the brain responsible for integrating sensory information and initiating voluntary motor activities?
• Which neuron carries impulses toward the synapse?
• Which hormone causes kidneys to increase water reabsorption?
• Which glial cell creates myelin in the central nervous system?
• A chronic condition characterized by insufficient insulin production or ineffective insulin action is known as what?
• Which part of the eye refracts light and focuses it onto the retina?
• Innermost layer of tissue at the back of the eye containing photoreceptors
• Watery liquid that protects the lens of the eye and supplies the cornea with nutrients
• Which statement best describes a state of stability within fluctuating limits?
• What term describes the region between neurons where chemical signal transmission occurs?
• Which retina region is the centre of sharp color vision?
• Which term describes the integration of multiple synaptic inputs resulting in a net effect on a neuron?
• Osmoreceptors detect changes in osmotic pressure in the blood and surrounding extracellular fluids. Where are these osmoreceptors located?
• Which transporter moves potassium ions into the cytoplasm while moving sodium ions out to the extracellular fluid?
• Oval-shaped hole in the vestibule of the inner ear, covered by a thin layer of tissue.
• Which phenomenon involves generating action potentials only at nodes of Ranvier, speeding nerve conduction?
• Which tiny calcium carbonate crystals embedded in a gelatinous coating within the vestibular system help detect linear acceleration and head position?
• What is the term for the minimum level of stimulus required to produce a response?
• Neuron that carries impulses from the CNS to an effector; also known as an efferent neuron is called
• Which enzyme breaks down acetylcholine and is released from presynaptic membranes near the end plates shortly after acetylcholine?
• Which term describes a hormone that stimulates a target gland to release hormones?
• Which description best defines an all-or-none response in nerve or muscle fibers?
• Which gland, located at the base of the neck, regulates metabolism and growth via its hormones?
• Which brain region is central to homeostasis and links neural and endocrine activity?
• Calcitonin is produced by which gland?
• Which cell conducts nerve impulses?
• T3 contains how many iodine atoms?
• Which pancreatic hormone raises blood glucose by promoting the conversion of glycogen to glucose when glucose is scarce?
• Which statement best describes a neuron?
• Which gland releases Adrenocorticotropic Hormone that stimulates cortisol release?
• Part of the hindbrain that controls limb movements, balance and muscle tone.
• Which major cranial nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to many organs?
• What is the chemical messenger released by the presynaptic neuron that binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron?
• What is the recovery period before a neuron can generate another action potential?
• Adjustments made by the lens and pupil of the eye for near and distant objects.
• Which part of the outer ear acts like a funnel, collecting sound waves from a large area and channeling them toward the ear canal?
• Which hormone produced by the thyroid increases metabolism and growth and contains 3 iodine atoms?
• Which glial cell produces the myelin sheath?
• Which nerve is the major cranial nerve responsible for parasympathetic control?
• What is the Peripheral Nervous System?
• Which term is another name for the motor neuron?
• Which process uses energy to move substances against their gradient?
• Which inner-ear structure converts mechanical vibrations into neural signals?
• What is the pair of hormones produced by the adrenal medulla?
• What term describes a collection of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system?
• Which glial cell produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system?
• What describes the movement of substances down their concentration gradient through a membrane protein without energy input?
• Which hormone is released in response to osmoreceptor signaling to conserve water?
• Opaque disk of tissue surrounding the pupil that regulates amount of light entering the eye
• Which process uses energy to move substances across membranes, often against their concentration gradient?
• Which adrenal cortex hormone category regulates carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism and inhibits ACTH release?
• Which adrenal cortex steroid regulates electrolyte and water balance?
• Which neurotransmitter is released from vesicles in the end plates of neurons to increase Na+ permeability of the postsynaptic membrane?
• Air-filled tube of the middle ear that equalises pressure between the external and internal ear.
• Hormone that stimulates a specific target gland to secrete other hormones?
• Which term describes transport of substances down a concentration gradient through a carrier in the cell membrane without using energy?
• What term refers to a pore in the cell membrane that allows ions to move by opening and closing?
• Which layer of the eye contains photoreceptors (rods and cones)?
• Which gland sits at the base of the brain and acts as a master control center for endocrine signaling when working with the hypothalamus?
• Which hormone is produced by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and is secreted when blood sugar levels are high?
• Which pancreatic cells perform endocrine functions?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes the central and peripheral nervous systems?
• Which term describes a cell membrane polarized by an unequal distribution of ions across the membrane?
• Which process involves activating a mechanism to restore conditions to their original state?
• Which hormone is primarily involved in calcium homeostasis?
• What term describes a chemical that inhibits the production of a hormone by the anterior pituitary?
• Which term describes the process by which a constant internal environment is maintained despite changes in the external environment?
• Which structure serves as the major relay for sensory information en route to the cerebral cortex?
• Which hormone produced by the pituitary gland stimulates growth of the body, also known as somatotropin (STH)?
• Delicate membrane that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells is called
• Collections of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system are called
• Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that helps regulate water balance by increasing sodium retention and water reabsorption by the kidneys?
• Which nervous system returns the body to resting levels after adjustments to stress?
• Hormone produced by the thyroid gland that increases metabolism and regulates growth?
• Which hindbrain structure joins the spinal cord to the cerebellum and is a major autonomic control center?
• A cell or organ that produces a physiological response when stimulated by a nerve impulse is called
• Which refractive error is associated with blurred distance vision due to the eye being too long?